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“In fact, if you drop in one single grain of salt, the molecules immediately nucleate and there’s instant crystallization. “It’s very unstable, very ready to become all ice,” Rossi explained. It’s at freezing temperature, but remains liquid. When water is clean enough, it can be carefully cooled below the normal freezing point. Rossi likens the material to a bag of supercooled water. On the other hand, a system firmly in the topological superconducting phase can be very impervious to external perturbations, a fact that makes it ideal to realize robust quantum bits”. “When they’re so close to this transition, they're very sensitive to external perturbations, which means they function as sensors. “We need the material to be extremely close to a transition between being a normal superconductor and a topological superconductor,” Rossi said. The end product will be what’s called a topological superconducting device, a specific combination of superconductors and semiconductors layered together in such a way that the slightest interference – for instance, a single photon – will push the structure into a topological superconducting state. The ultimate goal is to have the structure so sensitive to interference that a single photon will set it off, Rossi explained. “By doing that, they can control very carefully the thickness and make sure that there are no impurities flying in and interfering with the structure.” “They use what’s called molecular beam epitaxy and what that means is that they grow this material one atom at a time in a perfectly clean environment,” Rossi said. Rossi explained that his team is developing theory for semiconductor-based technology that their collaborators at NYU and Sandia are able to build at the scale of a single atom. Solving the world’s biggest problems starts small – very small. “At DOE, we’re investing in the fundamental research, led by universities and our National Labs, that will enhance our resiliency in the face of growing cyber threats and climate disasters, paving the path to a cleaner, more secure future.” Secretary of Energy Jennifer Granholm said in a release. “Quantum science represents the next technological revolution and frontier in the Information Age, and America stands at the forefront,” U.S. Department of Energy to receive a portion of $73 million in funding to advance quantum information science (QIS) research to develop the next generation of quantum smart devices and quantum computing technology. Rossi’s collaboration was one of 29 projects recently selected by the U.S. The project, done in collaboration with material scientists Wei Pan of Sandia National Laboratories and Javad Shabani of New York University, aims to address major hurdle on the path to a more advanced quantum computer – development of sensor-like structures capable of encoding a quantum bit, the equivalent of the ones and zeros used in today’s binary computing language.
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“In this case, we wanted to know how to tune a nanoscale device to basically be in a condition where its state of superconductivity makes it a very sensitive sensor.”
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“Our role as theoretical physicists is to think about how to choose the different parameters of an experiment,” said Enrico Rossi, associate professor of physics at William & Mary, who leads a Condensed Matter Theory group at the university.
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A team of theoretical quantum physicists at William & Mary have partnered with materials scientists to develop a new tool for harnessing the power of subatomic conductivity. The computers and sensors of the future are being engineered one atom at a time.